An analysis of data from the MapBiomas historical series on land use in Brazil, released this week, reveals alarming information about the Cerrado, which occupies 23.3 percent of the country’s territory. According to the study, over 40 years, the biome lost 40.5 million hectares, equivalent to 28 percent of its native vegetation.
This change, combined with transformations that had already occurred between 1985 and 2024, brings the total altered area of the Cerrado to almost half (47.9%).
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“The impacts range from habitat fragmentation and pressure on ecosystem services to regional changes in water regimes, which can make the biome more vulnerable to climate extremes,” warns Bárbara Costa, a research analyst at the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM) and a member of MapBiomas’ Cerrado team.
Savannahs were the hardest hit over the period, losing 26.1 million hectares, followed by forests, which declined by 10.5 million hectares. Flooded grasslands also decreased by 1.3 million hectares.
Pastures and agriculture
The human activities occupying these areas were primarily pasture, agriculture, and forestry, which by 2024 accounted for 24.1 percent, 13.2 percent, and 1.7 percent of the biome’s territory, respectively. Although pastures occupy more land, agriculture has expanded the most over the past 40 years, increasing by 533 percent since 1985, or 22.1 million hectares.
Between 1985 and 2024, the Cerrado underwent significant changes in water coverage within the biome. Natural bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams gave way to human-made water sources, including hydroelectric plants - Ascom/TO
The study indicates that pastures experienced significant growth until 2007, but in subsequent years, agriculture expanded more rapidly. Temporary crops, such as soybeans, covered 25.6 million hectares in 2024, while perennial crops, such as coffee, occupied 700,000 hectares of the biome.
“The Cerrado has been transforming at an accelerated pace over the past four decades. Native vegetation was most heavily cleared between 1985 and 1995, and in the subsequent decades, agriculture expanded and intensified, establishing the region as the heart of the country’s grain production,” notes researcher Bárbara Costa.
Agriculture predominated in 42 percent of Cerrado municipalities in the first year of the study. Forty years later, this share had risen to 58 percent, while municipalities with more than 80 percent native vegetation in the Cerrado accounted for only 16 percent of the total in 2024.
Natural water
Between 1985 and 2024, the Cerrado underwent significant changes in water coverage within the biome. Natural bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams gave way to human-made water sources, including hydroelectric plants, reservoirs, aquaculture, and mining. As a result, the biome recorded its highest coverage of water bodies - both natural and human-made - in 2024, covering 0.8 percent of the area, equivalent to 1.6 million hectares.
The study shows that, over the entire period, 60.4 percent of the biome’s total water-covered area was human-made by 2024.
Remaining vegetation
Most of the remaining native vegetation is concentrated in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí, and Bahia, a region also known as Matopiba. Together, these four states account for 30 percent of the Brazilian Cerrado.
Despite still having a large area of preserved ecosystems, Matopiba lost 15.7 million hectares over 40 years. The clearing of native vegetation in the region was most intense during the last decade of the study, between 2015 and 2024, when the region accounted for 73 percent of the reversal in human land use.
The Cerrado saw a 20.8 percent decrease in the area under deforestation alert, yet 5,555 km² of the biome remained under alert - Agência Brasil
According to researchers, in this recent period, the Cerrado lost 6.4 million hectares of native vegetation, with Matopiba accounting for 4.7 million hectares of deforestation. Agriculture has expanded, including into previously transformed areas, covering a total of 5.5 million hectares.
Most native vegetation is found in indigenous territories, which maintain 97 percent of the Cerrado intact, while military areas and Conservation Units preserve an average of 95 percent of their land.
Compared to other forms of land use, such as urban areas, where only 7 percent of the Cerrado remains, the contrast is clear. Rural properties and unregistered lands are also less preserved, maintaining only 45 percent and 49 percent, respectively.
According to the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, between August 2024 and July 2025, the Cerrado saw a 20.8 percent decrease in the area under deforestation alert, yet 5,555 km² of the biome remained under alert.
The National Institute for Space Research (INPE) operates the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (Deter) and the Satellite Deforestation Monitoring Project (Prodes).